State Total	MOTEL	CAMP	SEAS HOME	VISITF&R	DAY TRIPS	TOTAL
MICHIGAN	3,731	373	1,116	2,519	1,152	8,891
	42%	4%	13%	28%	13%	100%
	Spending by Segment in Destination County
COUNTY	MOTEL	CAMP	SEASHOME	VISITF&R	DAYTRIPS	GDTOT

Alcona, MI	0.8	4.3	25.5	3.0	0.6	34.2
Alger, MI	9.1	2.5	9.3	2.5	4.7	28.1
Allegan, MI	34.4	15.8	13.6	26.8	6.4	97.0
Alpena, MI	11.8	1.8	8.4	7.9	4.3	34.3
Antrim, MI	26.3	1.9	26.0	5.9	7.7	67.8
Arenac, MI	0.9	4.9	11.5	4.4	1.0	22.6
Baraga, MI	4.8	0.8	5.1	2.2	1.1	14.1
Barry, MI	0.9	7.1	8.1	14.4	2.4	32.9
Bay, MI	26.1	1.6	1.5	27.9	6.6	63.8
Benzie, MI	25.5	2.4	16.0	4.1	10.9	58.8
Berrien, MI	52.2	6.6	22.7	41.2	15.4	138.1
Branch, MI	24.1	8.6	9.6	11.6	3.2	57.1
Calhoun, MI	27.9	7.1	2.3	35.0	12.5	84.8
Cass, MI	2.7	6.2	13.1	13.0	2.1	37.0
Charlevoix, MI	46.5	1.7	22.1	6.6	13.1	90.1
Cheboygan, MI	16.1	9.2	24.1	6.7	5.2	61.3
Chippewa, MI	43.7	6.4	24.1	9.8	13.9	97.9
Clare, MI	7.4	5.8	43.3	7.9	2.0	66.3
Clinton, MI	5.0	0.9	0.4	16.4	3.8	26.5
Crawford, MI	11.2	5.9	20.7	3.6	3.6	45.1
Delta, MI	16.8	1.5	11.8	9.8	7.0	46.9
Dickinson, MI	6.9	1.4	7.9	7.0	3.4	26.6
Eaton, MI	52.8	2.6	1.1	26.3	17.5	100.2
Emmet, MI	59.7	3.7	25.4	8.0	25.2	121.9
Genesee, MI	60.3	6.8	4.0	110.6	32.4	214.1
Gladwin, MI	1.2	1.6	28.2	6.6	1.3	38.9
Gogebic, MI	23.1	2.7	11.4	4.4	3.7	45.3
Grand Traverse, MI	154.2	6.5	15.3	19.7	38.4	234.0
Gratiot, MI	5.4	1.6	0.5	10.7	3.0	21.2
Hillsdale, MI	4.4	3.6	8.2	11.8	2.9	31.0
Houghton, MI	31.6	0.9	13.3	9.1	7.0	62.0
Huron, MI	4.4	2.9	20.6	9.1	2.6	39.6
Ingham, MI	112.4	3.6	2.2	70.8	46.6	235.7
Ionia, MI	5.6	3.2	1.6	15.6	3.8	29.8
Iosco, MI	8.3	6.0	34.0	6.9	5.2	60.4
Iron, MI	5.4	2.2	12.0	3.3	1.2	24.1
Isabella, MI	40.6	0.7	4.1	16.1	15.9	77.4
Jackson, MI	28.9	15.6	8.2	40.2	13.8	106.6
Kalamazoo, MI	83.6	2.8	3.5	59.7	30.9	180.5
Kalkaska, MI	2.6	1.2	19.3	4.2	1.3	28.6
Kent, MI	216.6	5.2	7.0	145.6	78.4	452.7
Keweenaw, MI	8.9	1.7	5.9	0.6	0.7	17.8
Lake, MI	1.4	3.1	35.6	2.9	0.8	43.7
Lapeer, MI	8.5	4.9	3.0	22.3	5.6	44.2
Leelanau, MI	26.2	3.8	20.7	5.4	7.6	63.7
Lenawee, MI	10.0	13.5	8.3	25.1	4.6	61.5
Livingston, MI	24.1	4.2	6.7	39.8	10.4	85.2
Luce, MI	5.7	2.3	6.3	1.8	1.6	17.7
Mackinac, MI	117.1	4.6	19.9	3.0	30.7	175.2
Macomb, MI	116.6	1.4	4.8	199.8	54.0	376.7
Manistee, MI	10.3	4.4	17.6	6.2	3.6	42.1
Marquette, MI	34.0	2.8	18.3	16.4	11.3	82.7
Mason, MI	23.2	7.9	19.0	7.2	5.0	62.3
Mecosta, MI	8.9	6.8	15.6	10.3	5.3	46.9
Menominee, MI	2.1	1.5	12.0	6.4	1.5	23.5
Midland, MI	39.7	1.5	2.4	21.0	13.5	78.1
Missaukee, MI	0.9	2.0	14.3	3.7	0.8	21.8
Monroe, MI	25.7	5.3	1.6	37.0	11.9	81.6
Montcalm, MI	2.0	3.9	10.4	15.5	2.9	34.7
Montmorency, MI	2.1	2.0	22.1	2.6	0.9	29.7
Muskegon, MI	51.8	9.0	6.0	43.2	14.1	124.0
Newaygo, MI	0.3	8.2	19.0	12.1	1.9	41.6
Oakland, MI	495.1	17.5	16.3	302.8	117.7	949.4
Oceana, MI	6.4	9.2	17.9	6.8	2.8	43.1
Ogemaw, MI	6.5	3.8	29.4	5.5	1.6	46.7
Ontonagon, MI	2.2	1.2	7.5	2.0	2.9	15.7
Osceola, MI	0.4	3.5	17.0	5.9	1.0	27.7
Oscoda, MI	4.4	2.1	21.0	2.4	0.6	30.6
Otsego, MI	40.0	2.5	19.2	5.9	11.3	78.9
Ottawa, MI	29.1	10.3	9.0	60.4	19.6	128.4
Presque Isle, MI	1.7	1.7	16.5	3.7	1.0	24.6
Roscommon, MI	7.8	4.9	55.9	6.5	2.7	77.7
Saginaw, MI	100.2	2.2	1.3	53.3	34.1	191.2
Sanilac, MI	0.5	2.8	14.0	11.3	1.8	30.5
Schoolcraft, MI	9.0	2.7	8.7	2.3	2.0	24.7
Shiawassee, MI	4.5	0.7	4.2	18.2	4.0	31.6
St. Clair, MI	31.4	8.5	8.3	41.6	16.4	106.3
St. Joseph, MI	13.9	6.3	7.2	15.8	3.7	46.9
Tuscola, MI	1.7	0.7	3.1	14.8	2.7	23.0
Van Buren, MI	24.5	7.3	16.7	19.3	5.5	73.2
Washtenaw, MI	170.0	3.7	4.8	81.9	56.6	317.0
Wayne, MI	940.9	2.3	10.6	522.6	207.8	1,684.2
Wexford, MI	19.3	6.4	11.1	7.7	5.6	50.1

The table reports spending by tourists to each Michigan county in 2000 (in $ millions) broken down into five lodging segments:

The model is programmed in an Excel 7.0 workbook, that can be readily updated or revised to reflect better or more recent information. The 2000 estimates are updated from 1997 by replacing lodging room use tax data with 2000 figures, and updating air passenger arrivals, population, seasonal home, and lodging inventory data. Per night spending averages are updated based upon Bureau of Labor Statistics price indices. The most recent update uses local room assessment tax data from CVB's to estimate motel activity at the county level.

A "bottom-up" approach is used to estimate spending by overnight visitors in motels, campgrounds and seasonal homes, while a "top down" approach is applied to visiting friends and relatives and day visitors. The general model for estimating spending by overnight visitors staying in motels, campgrounds and seasonal homes is:

Spending in the county = # rooms, campsites or seasonal homes in the county * occupancy rate
(nights per year) * average spending per party per night in the local area. (equation 1)

Distinct spending and occupancy rates are used for each segment and spreadsheet lookup tables are included to capture differences in rates across regions of the state. For example, a county with 1,000 campsites that are occupied 30 nights a year by camping parties that spend $50 per night in the local area would generate 1000 * 30 * $50 = $1,500,000 in spending in the local area.

This simple model is adjusted to accommodate better information, when available. For example, appropriate sales, receipts, or use tax information, when available at the county level, are usually more reliable indicators of visitor spending than general occupancy rates. Room use taxes and hotel receipts are probably the best indicators of spending by visitors staying in hotels, motels, and cabins. An important change in 2000 is a shift to local room tax data, as the Michigan Dept. of Treasury stopped providing room taxes at the county level in 1998. Most of the state is covered by one or more local room assessments. The 1997 room tax data in combination with the lodging inventory and assumed occupancy rates were used for a handful of counties for which local room assessment data was not available. We will continue to update the estimates as additional data become available. There are some inconsistencies between room revenue estimates for the state based on what Treasury reports for room taxes versus the local room assessment data. Treasury reported $62 million in room taxes for the state in 2000, while the equivalent of a 6% room tax based on local assessment data is $85 million. The latter is consistent with statewide sales in the lodging sector if 80% of hotel sales are from room revenues.

Motel occupancy and room rates are not needed to estimate motel visitor spending for Michigan, although they are used as a consistency check on estimates derived from the room tax collections and to fill some missing data. Spending by motel guests in Michigan counties is estimated by the following equation:

Spending by guests in motels in Michigan = (Room tax receipts/ tax rate) * (Avg. motel guest spending in the area / avg. room rate)

Room receipts are computed by dividing local room tax collections in 2000 by the local room tax rate and then expanding resulting room revenues to total spending by motel guests in the local area using a simple ratio of total spending by motel guests to room expenses. Spending patterns of motel guests are used to estimate what motel guests spend in the local area beyond the cost of their room.

Since there are no good secondary sources of data on sales associated with campgrounds or seasonal homes, occupancy rates are used to estimate levels of activity. Equation 1 above is therefore used to estimate spending by visitors staying in campgrounds or seasonal homes. The estimates for 2000 use the seasonal home counts from the 2000 housing census. Estimates are made for each county and then summed to get statewide totals.

Spending associated with visiting friends and relatives (F&R) and on day trips are two of the more difficult components of tourism to get a handle on. Tourism activity and spending estimates can vary widely depending on whether or how much of this activity is covered. This alone is a good reason for separating these two segments as distinct components of tourism. Lacking clear county level indicators of activity or spending associated with these two segments, a top down approach is used. Instead of estimating spending separately for each county and then adding across counties to get a statewide total, for these two segments, statewide totals are estimated first and then allocated to counties using appropriate allocation formulas.

Spending figures are based on 92 million travel party days/nights in Michigan in 2000. With an average party size of 2.6 and length of stay of 3.2 nights for overnight trips (2.3 including day trips as one "night"), this equates to 238 million person days/nights, 40 million party trips and 102 million person trips. These travel volumes are consistent with the 1995 America Travel Survey and 2000 D.K. Shifflet estimates, after adjusting for differences in coverage and change over time. The Travel Industry Association (TIA) estimates Michigan travel spending at $11.5 billion in 1999, $8.4 billion excluding their public transportation category (primarily airfares). However, TIA includes imputed rents on seasonal homes and some pro-rated general motor vehicle operating expenses. Our model will exclude some en route spending that is not associated with an overnight stay in the local area.

The statewide average spending per party per night by segment for 2000 is $189 for motel, $80 for camping, and $71 for seasonal homes, day trips and visiting friends and relatives. The county lodging inventory was updated in 1999 by Dan Spencer of MSU TTRRC. Air-related spending is estimated at $78 per passenger arrival/departure and applied to the number of arrivals/departures at airports in Michigan to distribute $3.1 billion in air-related travel spending. The total air-related spending is consistent with the 1999 USTDC estimate of tourist spending in their public transportation category. Air-related spending includes Michigan travelers leaving the state as well as in-bound travel. It is therefore not included in our per night spending averages for each segment.

The state total of $8.89 billion is slightly higher than the $8.77 billion reported earlier in our statewide tourism estimates (Michigan statewide TSA).